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Medieval Japanese societal structure
Topic : Medieval Japanese societal structure
In this topic you will learn...
Chapter 1 :
Early Japan
Evidence suggests that Japan has been inhabited for at least 30 000 years
From 300 BC settlers from South-East Asia and Korea brought knowledge of paddy-field rice cultivation
Japanese society changed from nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers, to communities of farmers living together in settled villages
From 400 AD Buddhist scholars and monks introduced the Chinese script
From 500 AD the Yamato rulers became emperors, with an imperial court of nobles and officials
Buddhism arrived in Japan from India via China and Korea
From 894 AD Japan broke contact with China
From 1185 AD Japan's rulers changed from courtly aristocrats to warriors, and authority passed from the emperor to his chief general, called the shogun
Chapter 2 :
Japanese religion
Shinto has existed as a religion since prehistoric times
Shinto was passed down verbally until writing was introduced to Japan by the Chinese
Shinto teaches that all natural objects have a spirit that should be respected
Buddhism arrived in 552 AD, after Shinto had already become a national religion
The new religion was not adopted by the masses until the 13th century and today 75 per cent of the population is Buddhist
Two dominant Buddhist schools developed in Japan, Zen and True Pure Land
Buddhists worship at temples, which are grander and more complex structures than Shinto temples
Shinto and Buddhism complement each other. Shinto is concerned with life in this world, and Buddhism is concerned with life after death
Chapter 3 :
Emperors and shoguns
Prior to 400 AD, uji (clans) ruled separate areas of Japan
The Yamato clan produced Japan's first emperor and Imperial Court of nobles and officials
The emperor was considered a descendant of the Sun Goddess and the most important figure in Shinto religion
The emperor was respected for his religious power rather than his political power
During the Nara Period (710-794 AD) the Imperial government came to control all of Japan
From 1185 AD on, Japan's were rulers were warriors, and authority passed from the emperor to his chief general, called the shogun
The shoguns led warrior clans called samurai, who enforced justice and security throughout the country
Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate, passed his title on to successive shogun rulers until the Meiji Restoration in 1868
Chapter 4 :
Mongol invasion
In 1274 and 1281 the Mongols sent huge fleets to invade Japan
The shoguns gathered armies to fight the Mongols, and strengthened Japan's defences along the coast
On each attack the Mongol fleets were scattered by typhoons, from which the word kamikaze or 'divine wind' came
From the divine winds the belief was spread that Japan was protected by the gods, and a sense of national unity developed
Although the country itself was safe, Japan reaped no rewards from war, only debt; and unpaid samurai terrorised peasants to obtain money
Chapter 5 :
Feudalism in Japan
The feudal period was a time when military shoguns governed Japan
Feudalism in Japan lasted from the 12th to 19th century
High-ranking samurai lords, called daimyo, provided the shogun with warriors in exchange for land
Feudal Japan's most important philosophy was Neo-Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism reinforced the class system, in which the warrior class of samurai were placed above the peasants, artisans and merchants
In 1603 Japan's centre of power moved from Kyoto to Edo (modern day Tokyo), and the whole country was unified and ruled under the feudal system until 1868
Chapter 6 :
Isolation
Hideyoshi was afraid the Christian belief in one God weakened his authority and succeeding Tokugawas persecuted missionaries and Japanese Christian converts
Shoguns suspected that traders and missionaries were seeking help from Japanese Christians to take over Japan, as had happened in Mexico and the Philippines
The suspicions held by the shoguns led them to ban Christianity, placing foreigners under tighter restrictions
In 1639 the shoguns forced foreigners away from the country
From 1641 the policy of sakoku (isolation) lasted for two centuries, and while Japan remained stable during this time, internal and external pressures brought isolation to an end
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